Canadian Confederation – Part 6

and in magazine issue October/November 2017

Changes and Adaptations “All is change. The cattle came from elsewhere. So did the horses.” —When the Indians Became Cowboys, Peter Iverson For the Sioux in Canada, the winter of 1879–80 had been long and hungry. The insufficient return of the buffalo made it clear that the old way of life was doomed. If they were …

Canadian Confederation – Part 5

and in magazine issue August/September 2017

TESTS OF SOVEREIGNTY “The meat of the buffalo tastes the same on both sides of the border.” —Sitting Bull The Cypress Hills Massacre and the arrival of Sitting Bull tested Canadian sovereignty in the West. The massacre on June 1, 1873, near Abe Farwell’s trading post, involved a group of American and Canadian hunters and …

Canadian Confederation – Part 3

and in magazine issue April/May 2017

Whiskey and Annexation The 1860-1870s saw lawlessness in the Canadian West in the form of whiskey traders and buffalo robe hunters. Without formal law they were perpetrating violence among themselves and various First Nations tribes in what is now southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Ottawa was learning that it was one thing to claim a region and …

Canadian Confederation – Part 2

and in magazine issue February/March 2017

Cattle and Gold By 1844 President Polk had made U.S. ambitions in the far West clear with his slogan, “54° 40′ or fight.” It referred to a northern border adjustment between British and American territory in what is now B.C. Vancouver Island had the best naval harbour north of San Francisco, coal deposits and …